Abstract
Based on an assumption that pressure of inhomogeneous universe will be proportional to gradient of energy density, which is reveal four species of fundamental matters, they are baryon, and three other species of dark matter (DM). Substitute energy density into Friedman and acceleration equation, I obtained analytic solution of deceleration parameter and luminosity distance which meet observed result of accelerating universe without considering cosmological constant. Ignored expanding effect, I substitute each species into Euler equation, I obtained that DM is hold both opposite gravitational potential energy (GPE). The positive GPE has a gravitational repulsive force which behaved as dark energy (DE) and seems quautized. Because of its DE, DM make not only accelerating cosmos but also make cosmic voids formation (other than BAO scenario), and make DM looks exotic and difficult to be detected.
1. Introduction
Astronomy as old as civilization of mankind, but our knowledge about it is still naive as the universe so vast and mysterious. Even astrophysics today, we have never stopped to open our ability of view to correct mistake of our understanding. Friedman didn't know DM, and he hasn't got blue print of galaxy red shift survey when he solved Einstein field equation, and we have never dreamed of acceleration universe before supernovae red shift survey.
Friedman solution is based on ideal, homogeneous and isotropic universe without DM and massive density perturbation. But modern astrophysics proved (COBE, WMAP of CMB and Planck satellite survey) that the universe is lumpy. Galaxy red shift survey (SDSS-Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 2dFGB- 2 degree Field Galaxy Red shift Survey, 2 MASS red shift survey) point out that observable universe is foam-like structure. The bubble of spongy called cosmic voids which occupied 90% volume of the universe. The visible part is composed of galaxies, clusters, filaments and sheet-like walls. This is difference with hierarchic concept by which we used to believe that galaxies make up clusters of galaxies, and then superclusters and then universe. Both DM and DE are invisible as they don't emit or interact with electromagnetic radiation, their existence and properties are inferred from their gravity. To find out what distributions they have will be a really important question as DM is four times more than baryons. To answer what those dark things are? cosmology and astronomy meet particle physics nowadays.
Many experiments to detect proposed DM particles through non-gravitational means are under way however, no DM particles has been conclusively identified. Recent null results from direct detection experiments along with the failure to produce evidence of supersymmetry in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiment has cast doubt on WIMP hypothesis. Is DM an exotic, undiscovered type of matter, or is it ordinary matter that we have difficulty observing?
2. Non-ideal Gas Created Four Species
For a thermodynamics inhomogeneous system, the equation of state should be non-ideal gas (dense and high temperature perturbation of early universe). The pressure of the state supposed to be a gradient of energy density (ED): P=P0(de/da) Here a is commoving coordinate. Energy flow should be: de/da+3e/(a+3P0)=C0a^-0.5/(a+3P0). The solution is e=e(b)(Sigm(n=1 to 3)(On/Ob)a^(n-0.5)+1). Here O1+O2+O3+Ob=1.
3. Deceleration Parameter and Luminosity Distance
Substitute ED e into Friedman and acceleration equation, I obtained: q0=-0.5[Sigm(n-0.5)On+(6P0-1)/(3P0+1)]=(-)3/5. I obtained Ob=1/5 (20%), O1=3/10 (30%), O2=1/3 and O3=1/6. So O1+O2+O3=4/5 (80%). Baryon occupied 20% in total and DM is 80%.
Luminosity distance will be: d(z)={(1+z)c/[H0(1+3P0)^1.5]}Inte(1 to 1+z)sqr[(1+3P0y)^3*y^-0.5/(Oby^2.5+O1y^2+O2y+O3)]dy).
4. Self-gravity of Species Ignored Expansion
The accelerations of self-gravity species:
g(b)=12P0/(r+3P0)^2
g(n)=g(b)+P0{[(-6)/(r+3P0)]*[(n-0.5)/r]+[(n-0.5)*(n-1.5)/r^2]}, n=1,2 or 3.
The acceleration of DM isn't simple, second terms is always keep negative (repulsive force) that because gravitational potential energy (GPE) of it isn't simple:
PE(b)~(-)P0/(r+3P0),
PE(n)~(n-0.5)/r. n=1,2 or 3.
It seems that DM is holding both positive and negative GPE at same time. The PE(n) should be so called dark energy (DE). The species among DM depend on the integers of PE(n) which seems as quantized.
5. Discussion
All results are just based on assumption, but it lead me a completely different explanation of astronomy.
Based on an assumption that pressure of inhomogeneous universe will be proportional to gradient of energy density, which is reveal four species of fundamental matters, they are baryon, and three other species of dark matter (DM). Substitute energy density into Friedman and acceleration equation, I obtained analytic solution of deceleration parameter and luminosity distance which meet observed result of accelerating universe without considering cosmological constant. Ignored expanding effect, I substitute each species into Euler equation, I obtained that DM is hold both opposite gravitational potential energy (GPE). The positive GPE has a gravitational repulsive force which behaved as dark energy (DE) and seems quautized. Because of its DE, DM make not only accelerating cosmos but also make cosmic voids formation (other than BAO scenario), and make DM looks exotic and difficult to be detected.
1. Introduction
Astronomy as old as civilization of mankind, but our knowledge about it is still naive as the universe so vast and mysterious. Even astrophysics today, we have never stopped to open our ability of view to correct mistake of our understanding. Friedman didn't know DM, and he hasn't got blue print of galaxy red shift survey when he solved Einstein field equation, and we have never dreamed of acceleration universe before supernovae red shift survey.
Friedman solution is based on ideal, homogeneous and isotropic universe without DM and massive density perturbation. But modern astrophysics proved (COBE, WMAP of CMB and Planck satellite survey) that the universe is lumpy. Galaxy red shift survey (SDSS-Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 2dFGB- 2 degree Field Galaxy Red shift Survey, 2 MASS red shift survey) point out that observable universe is foam-like structure. The bubble of spongy called cosmic voids which occupied 90% volume of the universe. The visible part is composed of galaxies, clusters, filaments and sheet-like walls. This is difference with hierarchic concept by which we used to believe that galaxies make up clusters of galaxies, and then superclusters and then universe. Both DM and DE are invisible as they don't emit or interact with electromagnetic radiation, their existence and properties are inferred from their gravity. To find out what distributions they have will be a really important question as DM is four times more than baryons. To answer what those dark things are? cosmology and astronomy meet particle physics nowadays.
Many experiments to detect proposed DM particles through non-gravitational means are under way however, no DM particles has been conclusively identified. Recent null results from direct detection experiments along with the failure to produce evidence of supersymmetry in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiment has cast doubt on WIMP hypothesis. Is DM an exotic, undiscovered type of matter, or is it ordinary matter that we have difficulty observing?
2. Non-ideal Gas Created Four Species
For a thermodynamics inhomogeneous system, the equation of state should be non-ideal gas (dense and high temperature perturbation of early universe). The pressure of the state supposed to be a gradient of energy density (ED): P=P0(de/da) Here a is commoving coordinate. Energy flow should be: de/da+3e/(a+3P0)=C0a^-0.5/(a+3P0). The solution is e=e(b)(Sigm(n=1 to 3)(On/Ob)a^(n-0.5)+1). Here O1+O2+O3+Ob=1.
3. Deceleration Parameter and Luminosity Distance
Substitute ED e into Friedman and acceleration equation, I obtained: q0=-0.5[Sigm(n-0.5)On+(6P0-1)/(3P0+1)]=(-)3/5. I obtained Ob=1/5 (20%), O1=3/10 (30%), O2=1/3 and O3=1/6. So O1+O2+O3=4/5 (80%). Baryon occupied 20% in total and DM is 80%.
Luminosity distance will be: d(z)={(1+z)c/[H0(1+3P0)^1.5]}Inte(1 to 1+z)sqr[(1+3P0y)^3*y^-0.5/(Oby^2.5+O1y^2+O2y+O3)]dy).
4. Self-gravity of Species Ignored Expansion
The accelerations of self-gravity species:
g(b)=12P0/(r+3P0)^2
g(n)=g(b)+P0{[(-6)/(r+3P0)]*[(n-0.5)/r]+[(n-0.5)*(n-1.5)/r^2]}, n=1,2 or 3.
The acceleration of DM isn't simple, second terms is always keep negative (repulsive force) that because gravitational potential energy (GPE) of it isn't simple:
PE(b)~(-)P0/(r+3P0),
PE(n)~(n-0.5)/r. n=1,2 or 3.
It seems that DM is holding both positive and negative GPE at same time. The PE(n) should be so called dark energy (DE). The species among DM depend on the integers of PE(n) which seems as quantized.
5. Discussion
All results are just based on assumption, but it lead me a completely different explanation of astronomy.
- Cosmological constant exclusively in this model that is means no need to generate energy constantly by space during expansion. DM is holding both normal and dark energy. DE seems quantized. Nowadays, most astrophysicist believe that DM should be interactions only through the weak nuclear force and gravity, so that a certain particle WIMPs have been hypothetically proposed, but none of them have been identified. Here I suggest to DM hunters to considering the sort of particles which carried with long distance gravitational interacted DE instead of short distance weak nuclear force
- DM particles should be massive, therefore when they hold lowest level DE, they could be moving relatively slow and tend to clump together by gravitational attraction. The higher DE level of DM particle will be overcome more attraction and moving faster and has longer free stream length (FSL). Species may be classified similar as cold, warm and hot even they come from same kind of particle.
- CDM and baryon have similar scale suppose to be galaxy scale. CDM decline sharply from r=0.1 to it central part, but gravitational repulsion will be reducing quickly from centre until r>0.3 and then become weakly attraction.
- The gravity of WDM shows that repulsion is reducing until r=1 and then vanish. Baryon which we can be observed only will be located beyond r=1. This should be dynamically cosmic voids formation explanation other than BAO (baryon acoustic oscillations) scenario.
